Which element is NOT one of the four Ps of marketing?

The four Ps of marketing, which are foundational concepts in marketing strategy, include Price, Place, Promotion, and Product. Each element plays a crucial role in how a business positions itself in the market and engages with customers.

Price refers to the amount of money consumers must pay to acquire a product or service, and it impacts profit margins, market positioning, and customer perception. Place involves the distribution channels used to deliver products to consumers, addressing where and how products are sold. Promotion encompasses the various marketing communications strategies employed to inform and persuade potential customers about the product.

"People" is not one of the four Ps; while customer relationships and interactions are vital to marketing success, they do not fall under the traditional four Ps framework. Instead, "People" is often discussed in the context of service marketing or relationship marketing strategies, where personal interactions and service quality become crucial.

Understanding the four Ps helps marketers develop a comprehensive approach to reaching their target audience effectively.